Treatment For Anorexia Nervos A Comparison Of Cognitive...

Maintenance treatment for anorexia nervosa: A comparison of cognitive behavior therapy and treatment as usual. By: Jacqueline C. Carter, Traci L. McFarlane, Carmen Bewell, Marion P. Olmstead, D. Blake Woodside, Allan S. Kaplan, and Ross D. Crosby. This 2009 study was designed to examine the effectiveness of Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy compared to Maintenance Treatment â€Å"as usual† in patients with Anorexia Nervosa. The study examined the relapse rate of patients with Anorexia Nervosa after undergoing the two types of therapy mentioned above over the course of a one-year period. There were a total of 88 female patients who all fit the criteria for Anorexia Nervosa according to the DSM-IV (the standard measurement at the time of the study). Fifty-Eight percent of the clients met the criteria for Restrictive-Type Anorexia Nervosa, while 42 percent met the criteria for Binge/Purge Type Anorexia Nervosa. The 88 female patients were initially in an impatient treatment facility, but after there BMI rose to 19.5 (still significantly low) they were released and entered into this outpatient study. The median age of each patient was 24.1 years old. Eighty-Four percent of the participants were single, 13 percent were married, two percent failed to disclose their martial status, and one percent were divorced. Eighty-Four percent of the women were Caucasian, 3 percent Asian, 2 percent Afro/Caribbean, 2 percent Hispanic, 2 percent 1 percent West Indies, 1 percent Middle Eastern, and 6

Human Reasoning John Locke´s An Essay Concerning Human...

John Locke in his prose An Essay Concerning Human Understanding displays an extremely individualistic take on human reason (126). Proposing a perspective that is especially interesting during his time in the 17th century, which catered to a shift towards individual morals and responsibilities - the Puritan movement (Kang). Furthermore, John Locke sees the human mind as a product of one’s own experiences and inherent responsibilities, which is evident not only in his essay, but also in his upbringing (Locke; Spellman). His interest in the human mind positioned him to be the leader search for human understanding, a curiosity followed by many other writers such as Mary Astell and Judith Drake (Black et al.). While the former philosophy is not new to human inquiry as it was likely suppressed due to the anti-religious undertones it tends to convey (Being that we are self-perceived, so perceiving higher than ourselves might be a thing of question rather than fact), it was the shift from conventional to individual morals that allows for Locke’s approach to seem so ideal. The purpose of this essay will be to analyze Locke’s Essay Concerning Human Understanding and determine how individualism is portrayed in this work (Locke). The conclusion is that Locke’s prose indicates that he endorses the idea of individualism through his theory of human understanding and self-acquired knowledge; furthermore, his work played a significant role in the propagation of individual morals during aShow MoreRelatedJohn Locke s Views On Education879 Words   |  4 PagesJohn Locke was a philosopher, doctor and political theorists of the 17th century. He was one of the founders of the school of thought known as British Empiricism. Mr. Locke made foundational contributions to modern theories of limited, liberal government. He was also influential in the areas of theology, religious toleration, and educational theory. During his services at Shaftesbury, John Locke had been writing. He published all of his most significant works within six years of following his returnRead MoreThe Principles Of Empiricism And The Spirit Behind It2295 Words   |  10 PagesCritical Reasoning Essay 3: British Empiricism with particular reference to Locke’s theory of ideas – the basic principles of empiricism and the spirit behind it; Locke’s theory of the origin and types of ideas and the problems it gave rise to. Locke, John, An Essay concerning human understanding, Everyman, 1961: Book 1, of Innate ideas, Book 2, chapter 1, of ideas in general and their original, Berkeley, George, A treatise concerning the principles of human knowledge. 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The purpose of this paper is twofold: first, to explore the parallels between Lockes Some Thoughts Concerning Education and Swifts Gullivers Travels, using textual evidence and literary criticism; and second, to compare the methods prescribed by Locke and Swift for education, taking into account some culturalRead MorePropelling Rational Thought Over Compelling Empiricism1459 Words   |  6 Pagesintend to examine the rationalist philosophy of Rene Descartes and fundamental empiricism of John Locke’s philosophical arguments, in particular their ideas relating to the science of man, his identity and attempt to explain distinctions between the two. A s I lay the framework of my argument it is important to understand the precepts that serve as the underpinning for the views considered by Descartes and Locke respectively. Rationalism and empiricism are two modes of thought that have been adoptedRead MoreEngland Was The Most Powerful Country For A Very Long Time.1524 Words   |  7 Pagestake care of the arsenal group. John Locke s essay concerning human understanding was the start of the enlightenment era and its effects on colonists. Locke s idea was that people are born as blank slates and are a product The great awakening and the enlightenment both started in Europe. They both had different ideas such as the great awakening promoted a passionate and devotion to religion. On n the other hand, the enlightenment encourages the search of reasoning for everything. The Great awakeningRead MoreCharacteristics Of The Enlightenment Period1488 Words   |  6 Pagesexample of this today is how many consider an older individual to be much wiser than someone younger, due to the fact that they have accumulated more knowledge over their lifetime. 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He is convinced that human mind can execute two things and that are to receive experiences from the outsideRead MoreJohn Locke : Human Knowledge And Ideas1993 Words   |  8 PagesIn this paper, I want to examine how philosophers, especially John Locke from his book Essay Concerning Human Understanding, understand human knowledge and ideas. We have all had experience of being unsure or mistaken about something: you think it s Wednesday when it is actually Thursday; you wonder whether he was wearing a red shirt or yellow yesterday. Sceptics argue that it is impossible to be certain about anything, arguing that if we can be deceived about such simple things, who can say thatRead MoreA Reflection On Educational Ideas Essay1906 Wo rds   |  8 PagesEnlightenment thinkers John Locke in English and Jean Jacques Rousseau in French wrote foundational texts on educational theory. Both of them laid emphasis on education in children’s early age. Their educational theories affect education not only in their respective period, but also in the modern societies.  However, there are some limitations of their educational theories. The reason I am interested in the Enlightenment is because I have found the writings of Rousseau and Locke are interesting and

Competition Consumer Legislation Australian -Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Competition Consumer Legislation Australian? Answer: Introducation Under the contract law, unconscionability is referred to such terms which are so unfair or unjust, that one side of the contracting party is overwhelmed by the other side of the contracting party, which holds superior bargaining power, and which is against the good conscience (Latimer, 2012). Basically, unconscionability or unconscionable conduct covers the transactions which are undertaken in between a weak party and a dominating party. Due to this, there is an overlapping of this concept with the other vitiating factors in a contract, of duress and undue influence. The concept of unconscionability is applicable based on the scenario in which it takes place and accordingly attracts the common law or the statutory law (Vout, 2009). In equity, the unconscionable conduct is related to the conduct where one party is taken off by some other person due to the special disability help by the first person. The examples of special disability include illiteracy, age, lack of education, or thes e factors being in combination. Due to these reasons, the weaker party is treated in a harsh and operations manner (Australian Contract Law, 2018a). The following parts cover a detail on unconscionability and its various aspects in Australia, in terms of its applicability under common and statutory law and the leading cases on it. Unconscionable conduct is something which results in the transaction undertaken under the contract being null and void. There are a number of cases where unconscionable conduct has resulted in the transactions being set aside, or given a null affect (Clarke and Clarke, 2016). In Australia, the leading matter in context of unconscionable conduct is that of Commercial Bank of Australia v Amadio(1983) 151 CLR 447. In this case, a mortgage had been signed by Amadio for the purpose of securing loan for their son. The details of this mortgage or what actually was going on was not informed to Amadio. Amadio were Italian and they did not know much of English which made them nearly illiterate. When the Bank attempted to seize their home which had been mortgaged, the validity of this mortgage was challenged by Amadio. This led to the court ruling in favor of Amadio based on the presence of unconscionable conduct in this matter. The reason for upholding the presence of unconscionable conduct wa s that there was an absence of English knowledge with Amadio (Australian Contract Law, 2018b). Another example of presence of unconscionable conduct was seen in Louth v Diprose (1992) 175 CLR 621; [1992] HCA 61. In this matter, D was infatuated towards L and he was in the habit of showering D with a number of gifts repeatedly. Once D proposed to L, she declined. After some time, D was told by L that L had been very depressed and that in case she was not able to pay the money on her home, she would be evicted from it and would have no place to live. And as soon as this would happen, L would be committing suicide. The majority of it was untrue. Responding to this management pressure, D agreed that he would buy the home for L and that he would be putting the home in Ls name as she was insisting on doing so. Certain years passed and the relationship which was present between the two got deteriorated. D asked L to transfer the home in his name as he had paid the money for it but L declined to honor this request. As a result of this, D sued L and was successful (Australian Contract Law, 2018c). The judge of the case stated that D was beneficially entitled to the land bought by him. He further stated that it would be unconscionable in this case where the home is given to L. Even upon the appeal being made by L, these were not successful, both in the Court of Appeal and in High Court of Australia. The High Court had held in this case that L had created such an environment of crisis which in reality had never been present. D held such a post in this case where he had been completely dependent on L. This led to the home being purchased by D which was just done due to D being emotionally dependent on L and the influence which she held over him, where he even disregarded his own interest. There was complete unconscionability in Ls conduct which involved careful calculation by L for inducing D for gaining benefit for her (Australian Contract Law, 2018c). Apart from the common law, the statutory law also covers the unconscionable conduct. Under section 21 of the Australian Consumer Law, there is a prohibition from indulging in unconscionable conduct with regards to the supply of goods or service, or where the goods or services are acquired in the business transactions (Australasian Legal Information Institute, 2018). There are a number of examples of unconscionable conduct, and mostly dependent upon the situations. For instance, encouraging an individual to sign a blank contract or not giving the party sufficient time for reading a contract (Coorey, 2015). Section 22 of Australian Consumer Law, provides different factors which have to be taken into account by the courts but the factors are not restricted to this section. For indulging in such conduct, the maximum penalty for individuals is $220,000 and for body corporate it is $1.1 million (Corones, 2012). An example of this can be found in ACCC v Craftmatic Australia [2009] FCA 972. In this case, the ACCC had initiated proceedings against the defendant where it was stated that they had indulged in or acted in unconscionable manner against the senior citizens, when adopting the door to door sale of beds. The claim was that an advantage was taken by the defendants of the commercial inexperience of such household and elderly customers, by using high pressure sales tactics. Even though some customers had been happy with the bed but the ones which did not want the bed or could not afford the same, were made to change their mind by use of unfair sales techniques. It was held by the Federal Court of Australia that the method of sale and promotion by the defendant covered steps which were scripted, and designed in a manner to make undue influence on the potential consumers for creating and taking benefit of unequal bargaining position. This led to the Federal Court ordering an injunction for 7 years against the defendant from a number of conducts (ACCC, 2014). Back in July 1998, the financial service sector faced a number of reforms. The primary responsibility under these changes was for the consumers and for the small business protection issue in the financial sector. There is a respective application of the aforementioned provisions of unconscionable conduct in the contracts of financial services, and the same is determined by taking into consideration, the specific definitions and exclusions covered under section 12CA, 12CB and 12CC of the ASIC Act, 2001 (Federal Register of Legislation, 2017). Even though the financial products and services have been clearly defined under this act, the provisions regarding unconscionable conduct mirror the ones covered in the Australian Consumer Law, which results in the businesses getting similar obligations for compliance when they deal in the financial services (Pearson, 2009). There is a specific prohibition of unconscionable conduct in a range of industry based legislative schemes. An example of this includes the industry which the panel has been asked to consider in their review, legislation which govern the retail tenancy, in the jurisdictions which prohibit unfair conduct or unconscionable conduct to retail lease by the parties. There are similar sections in different legislations which govern fitness services, residential property and tourism services. Though, the majority of these are covered through the governing sections of Australian Consumer Law. The courts do not determine if there has been a good or bad bargain, they simply see the opportunity which was held by the individual for their personal benefit. The case of Amadio shows that the courts are reluctant in enforcing the agreements which seem to be unequal or unfair. This is the reason why the statues have been developed with regards to the Australian Consumer Law and the ones related to the banking and finance sector (Law Teacher, 2018). Apart from these laws, the Fair Trading Acts of all the states and territories of the nation have some or other form of prohibition incorporated in them for the unconscionable conduct in their laws. The fair trading legislations of the states and territory also mirror the provisions of the Australian Consumer Law (Morandin and Smith, 2011). The key here is that the businesses need to be aware regarding the statutory protection being given against such undertaken conduct in the consumer transactions, along with the range of venues which are available, along with going to the Federal Court. Even though this law applies only on individuals and does not become applicable on the companies; section 43 of the fair trading act does cover the unconscionable acts undertaken on consumers by the traders (Campbell, 2013). There have been a number of opponents and proponents on the provisions of unfair contract terms, particularly on unconscionable conduct, by different bodies. One of such body is Financial and Consumer Rights Council Inc., which has supported the agreement of including the provisions which specifically address the unfair contract terms under the Australian Consumer Law. They stated that there was a prevalence of unfair terms in the standardized contracts which left very little bargaining power with the consumers. As a result of this, the proposal was put forward for banning some kind of unfair contract terms. In the view of Financial and Consumer Rights Council Inc, this would make certain that all of the consumers; particularly the ones which were prone to such unfair practices would have the confidence of getting in the contracts and be assured that they are properly protected through the provisions of the Australian Consumer Law (Financial and Consumer Rights Council Inc, 2018). They even presented their recommendations on this aspect and stated that the consumers would be benefited where certain terms had been banned from being made a part of the standardized contracts. This was particularly the term which was related to the retaining of the title for the suppliers of goods, which is not possible to be removed from the premises of the consumers without any damage; and the terms which allow the suppliers to get a repossession of goods. This was due to the fact that the repossession of goods was a very intimidating and frightening act for the consumers. As a result of this, it would have a devastating impact over the most vulnerable consumers. The consumers who were single parents, from non English speaking households, with disability, low income earners, or were elderly were more vulnerable for being intimidated for paying these debts which were owed through the act of the supplier repossession (Financial and Consumer Rights Council Inc, 2018). Thus, from the discussion undertaken in the previous segments, it becomes clear that Australia has a number of laws which can protect the unconscionability or unconscionable conduct taking place in the nation. Owing to the presence of unconscionable conduct, the contract is not deemed as valid and the weaker party is protected through the law. This is present both in cases of common law and the statutory law. The previous discussion covered the different cases in which the court set aside any conduct which was unfair or unconscionable for the consumer. The leading case was that of Amadio which basically brought a revolution in this context, and also resulted in changes being economics forward in the laws to restrict any and every kind of unconscionable conduct. This was not restricted to the consumer laws but also came to be applicable on the financial industry through the different statutes. The crux of the matter is that the nation takes a proactive approach against such conduct. F urthermore, the bodies like FCRC make contributions in this regard, on restricting unconscionable conduct in all the sectors in the nation. References ACCC. (2014) Business snapshot. [Online] ACCC. Available from: https://www.australiancontractlaw.com/law/avoidance-unconscionable.html [Accessed on: 22/01/18] Australasian Legal Information Institute. (2017) Competition and Consumer Act 2010 - Schedule 2. [Online] Australasian Legal Information Institute. Available from: https://www.austlii.edu.au/au/legis/cth/consol_act/caca2010265/sch2.html [Accessed on: 22/01/18] Australian Contract Law. (2018a) Unconscionable Conduct. [Online] Australian Contract Law. Available from: https://www.australiancontractlaw.com/law/avoidance-unconscionable.html [Accessed on: 22/01/18] Australian Contract Law. (2018b) Commercial Bank of Australia v Amadio. [Online] Australian Contract Law. Available from: https://www.australiancontractlaw.com/cases/amadio.html [Accessed on: 22/01/18] Australian Contract Law. (2018c) Louth v Diprose. [Online] Australian Contract Law. Available from: https://www.australiancontractlaw.com/cases/louth.html [Accessed on: 22/01/18] Campbell, D. (2013) International Consumer Protection, Volume 1. New York: Springer. Clarke, P., and Clarke, J (2016) business-law: Commentaries, Cases and Perspectives. 3rd ed. South Melbourne: Oxford University Press. Federal Register of Legislation. (2017) Australian Securities and Investments Commission Act 2001. [Online] Federal Register of Legislation. Available from: https://www.legislation.gov.au/Details/C2017C00326 [Accessed on: 22/01/18] Financial and Consumer Rights Council Inc. (2018) Submission. [Online] Financial and Consumer Rights Council Inc. Available from: https://archive.treasury.gov.au/documents/1501/PDF/Financial_and_Consumer_Rights_Council.pdf [Accessed on: 22/01/18] Latimer, P. (2012) Australian Business Law 2012. 31st ed. Sydney, NSW: CCH Australia Limited. Law Teacher. (2018) Unconscionable Conduct In Australia. [Online] Law Teacher. Available from: https://www.lawteacher.net/free-law-essays/contract-law/unconscionable-conduct-in-australia-contract-law-essay.php [Accessed on: 22/01/18] Morandin, N., and Smith, J. (2011) Australian Competition and Consumer Legislation 2011. NSW: CCH Australia. Pearson, G. (2009) Financial Services Law and Compliance in Australia. Victoria: Cambridge University Press. Vout, P.T. (2009) Unconscionable Conduct: The Laws of Australia. 2nd ed. Pyrmont, NSW: Thomson Reuters.

The theatrical film medium Essay Example For Students

The theatrical film medium Essay This means more unnecessary costs, wasted time and a further degradation of the image. As soon as digital footage is shot, filmmakers can begin to edit it. A crew can also review the footage after every shot in order to perfect it on the spot. DISTRIBUTION Although there are numerous production benefits to digital cinema, it is the distribution of films that will be most positively impacted, particularly from a business perspective. The cost of sending films out to theatres is fixed based on the cost of creating the film prints themselves. We will write a custom essay on The theatrical film medium specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now Depending on the size of the order and the length of the feature, this cost can range from $1200 $2200 per print per theatre, in addition to the cost of shipping the film across the country. 4 Once a film finishes its run, further expense must be spent shipping heavy film reels back to their producers. Unlike computer-generated images any changes to a film print are permanent and a new print must be struck to accommodate further refinements. By the time a final InterNegative (IN) from which release prints will be struck is created, it is typical for upwards of six intermediate prints to have been made. 5 Security is also an impending issue of celluloid film as it is virtually non-existent in the distribution process. Once a film has left the hands of its producers they can only hope that it reaches its appropriate destination uncorrupted and undamaged. Of course digitally, these risks are eliminated. Digital cinema will herald a renewed quality of image. Where film becomes progressively scratched and dirty with every screening, digital tape has a prolonged life and will screen the same, high-quality image consistently over time. Advantages in the flexibility of programming and scope of cinema advertising can also be counted. Because distribution costs are so high, production companies have to be extremely cautious about where they play their movies. If you take the physical film out of the equation however, things get a lot cheaper and as a result this risk is minimised. It doesnt cost the production company much more to show the movie in 100 theatres than in one theatre which means companies could easily open movies in theatres all over the world on the same day6, its just a matter of downloading the file. What needs to considered however is the impending reception of theatregoers to this new, mostly foreign concept. Technologies for digital cinema are here; the benefits are real; industry champions are championing; field demonstrations are in progress; business models are being developed; equipment manufacturers are gearing up. But is digital cinema ready for commercialization? 7 The advantages to producers and distributors are obvious, and audiences will be viewing opening night quality prints on every occasion. But it will mean they pay more to cover costs for a digital projector, where distributors pay less for duplication and delivery. And how about those who prefer that unique richness and visual texture of a 35mm print. Surely film traditionalist will be more than hesitant to welcome this new technology? The worldwide introduction of digital cinema as a replacement to celluloid film cinema is arguably the most astonishing innovation in the film industry since the introduction of sound in films in 1926. 8 Its numerous production benefits and lowering of distribution costs will make it a highly attractive venture to many production companies. Optimum viewing quality at every screening will appeal to most theatregoers however it is traditionalists, film buffs who may object. The rise in film admission costs could also be an issue, however audiences may be happy to pay for a consistent high quality viewing experience. .uf102a1ec6b502ae3fe8c32d9be1e1b5c , .uf102a1ec6b502ae3fe8c32d9be1e1b5c .postImageUrl , .uf102a1ec6b502ae3fe8c32d9be1e1b5c .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .uf102a1ec6b502ae3fe8c32d9be1e1b5c , .uf102a1ec6b502ae3fe8c32d9be1e1b5c:hover , .uf102a1ec6b502ae3fe8c32d9be1e1b5c:visited , .uf102a1ec6b502ae3fe8c32d9be1e1b5c:active { border:0!important; } .uf102a1ec6b502ae3fe8c32d9be1e1b5c .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .uf102a1ec6b502ae3fe8c32d9be1e1b5c { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .uf102a1ec6b502ae3fe8c32d9be1e1b5c:active , .uf102a1ec6b502ae3fe8c32d9be1e1b5c:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .uf102a1ec6b502ae3fe8c32d9be1e1b5c .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .uf102a1ec6b502ae3fe8c32d9be1e1b5c .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .uf102a1ec6b502ae3fe8c32d9be1e1b5c .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .uf102a1ec6b502ae3fe8c32d9be1e1b5c .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .uf102a1ec6b502ae3fe8c32d9be1e1b5c:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .uf102a1ec6b502ae3fe8c32d9be1e1b5c .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .uf102a1ec6b502ae3fe8c32d9be1e1b5c .uf102a1ec6b502ae3fe8c32d9be1e1b5c-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .uf102a1ec6b502ae3fe8c32d9be1e1b5c:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: The Artist - The Hatred of Sound Essay1 Microsoft Corporation Windows Media 9 Series for Digital Cinema Applications Windows Media 9 Series. 2002 http://www.. microsoft. com/windows/windowsmedia/mediaent/whitepapers/dcinemaapp.aspx#Top#Top September 4 2003 2 Quallcomm Incorporated What Is Digital Cinema Quallcomm 2001http://www. qualcomm. com/digitalcinema/contact. html September 4 2003 3 Harris, Tom How Digital Cinema Works. How Stuff Works. http://www. howstuffworks. com/digital-cinema. htm SEPTEMBER 4 2003 4loc. cit Microsoft Corporation 5 loc. cit Microsoft Corporation 6 loc. cit Harris, Tom 7 The International Society for Optical Engineering, Move over film digital has arrived OE Magazine http://oemagazine. com/newscast/012401_showdaily01. html September 5 2003 8 loc. cit Microsoft Corporation.

The Complete IB Physics Syllabus SL and HL

The Complete IB Physics Syllabus SL and HL SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips I took IB Physics HL back in my high school days. It is still probably the most challenging class I have ever taken (even including my college courses), but I got a 6 on the exam, so trust me- it's doable. In this article, I'll discuss all the topics covered in IB Physics Standard Level and IB Physics Higher Level, the number of hours dedicated to each topic, and what IB expects you to know for each topic. IB Physics SL and HL Core Both IB Physics SL and HL consist of the same core requirements that consist of the same number of hours. Both classes will cover the same 8 topics (requiring 95 teaching hours) in the order listed below with the same subtopics listed below: Topic #1: Measurements and Uncertainties- 5 Hours for Both SL and HL Subtopic Subtopic Number IB Points to Understand Measurements in physics 1.1 Fundamental and derived SI units Scientific notation and metric multipliers Significant figures Orders of magnitude Estimation Uncertainties and errors 1.2 Random and systematic errors Absolute, fractional and percentage uncertainties Error bars Uncertainty of gradient and intercepts Vectors and scalars 1.3 Vector and scalar quantities Combination and resolution of vectors Topic #2: Mechanics- 22 Hours for Both SL and HL Subtopic Subtopic Number IB Points to Understand Motion 2.1 Distance and displacement Speed and velocity Acceleration Graphs describing motion Equations of motion for uniform acceleration Projectile motion Fluid resistance and terminal speed Forces 2.2 Objects as point particles Free-body diagrams Translational equilibrium Newton’s laws of motion Solid friction Work, energy and power 2.3 Kinetic energy Gravitational potential energy Elastic potential energy Work done as energy transfer Power as rate of energy transfer Principle of conservation of energy Efficiency Momentum and impulse 2.4 Newton’s second law expressed in terms of rate of change of momentum Impulse and force–time graphs Conservation of linear momentum Elastic collisions, inelastic collisions and explosions Topic #3: Thermal Physics- 11 Hours for Both SL and HL Subtopic Subtopic Number IB Points to Understand Thermal concepts 3.1 Molecular theory of solids, liquids and gases Temperature and absolute temperature Internal energy Specific heat capacity Phase change Specific latent heat Modelling a gas 3.2 Pressure Equation of state for an ideal gas Kinetic model of an ideal gas Mole, molar mass and the Avogadro constant Differences between real and ideal gases Topic #4: Waves- 15 Hours for Both SL and HL Subtopic Subtopic Number IB Points to Understand Oscillations 4.1 Simple harmonic oscillations Time period, frequency, amplitude, displacement and phase difference Conditions for simple harmonic motion Travelling waves 4.2 Travelling waves Wavelength, frequency, period and wave speed Transverse and longitudinal waves The nature of electromagnetic waves The nature of sound waves Wave characteristics 4.3 Wavefronts and rays Amplitude and intensity Superposition Polarization Wave behaviour 4.4 Reflection and refraction Snell’s law, critical angle and total internal reflection Diffraction through a single-slit and around objects Interference patterns Double-slit interference Path difference Standing waves 4.5 The nature of standing waves Boundary conditions Nodes and antinodes Topic #5: Electricity and Magnetism- 15 Hours for Both SL and HL Subtopic Subtopic Number IB Points to Understand Electric fields 5.1 Charge Electric field Coulomb’s law Electric current Direct current (dc) Potential difference Heating effect of electric currents 5.2 Circuit diagrams Kirchhoff’s circuit laws Heating effect of current and its consequences Resistance expressed as R = V/I Ohm’s law Resistivity Power dissipation Electric cells 5.3 Cells Internal resistance Secondary cells Terminal potential difference Electromotive force (emf) Magnetic effects of electric currents 5.4 Magnetic fields Magnetic force Topic #6: Circular Motion and Gravitation- 5 Hours for Both SL and HL Subtopic Subtopic Number IB Points to Understand Circular motion 6.1 Period, frequency, angular displacement and angular velocity Centripetal force Centripetal acceleration Newton’s law of gravitation 6.2 Newton’s law of gravitation Gravitational field strength Topic #7: Atomic, Nuclear and Particle Physics- 14 Hours for Both SL and HL Subtopic Subtopic Number IB Points to Understand Discrete energy and radioactivity 7.1 Discrete energy and discrete energy levels Transitions between energy levels Radioactive decay Fundamental forces and their properties Alpha particles, beta particles and gamma rays Half-life Absorption characteristics of decay particles Isotopes Background radiation Nuclear reactions 7.2 The unified atomic mass unit Mass defect and nuclear binding energy Nuclear fission and nuclear fusion The structure of matter 7.3 Quarks, leptons and their antiparticles Hadrons, baryons and mesons The conservation laws of charge, baryon number, lepton number and strangeness The nature and range of the strong nuclear force, weak nuclear force and electromagnetic force Exchange particles Feynman diagrams Confinement The Higgs boson Topic #8: Energy Production- 8 Hours for Both SL and HL Subtopic Subtopic Number IB Points to Understand Energy sources 8.1 Specific energy and energy density of fuel sources Sankey diagrams Primary energy sources Electricity as a secondary and versatile form of energy Renewable and non-renewable energy sources Thermal energy transfer 8.2 Conduction, convection and thermal radiation Black-body radiation Albedo and emissivity The solar constant The greenhouse effect Energy balance in the Earth surface–atmosphere system Bonus: Want to get a perfect SAT or ACT score? Read our famous guide on how to score a perfect 1600 on the SAT, or a perfect 36 on the ACT. You'll learn top strategies from the country's leading expert on the SAT/ACT, Allen Cheng, a Harvard grad and perfect scorer. No matter your level, you'll find useful advice here- this strategy guide has been read by over 500,000 people. Read the 1600 SAT guide or 36 ACT guide today and start improving your score. Additional Higher Level Topics These 4 topics are only for IB Physics Higher Level students- 60 hours total for HL only Topic #9: Wave Phenomena- 17 Hours for HL Only Subtopic Subtopic Number IB Points to Understand Simple harmonic motion (HL ONLY) 9.1 The defining equation of SHM Energy changes Single-slit diffraction (HL ONLY) 9.2 The nature of single-slit diffraction Interference (HL ONLY) 9.3 Young’s double-slit experiment Modulation of two-slit interference pattern by one-slit diffraction effect Multiple slit and diffraction grating interference patterns Thin film interference Resolution (HL ONLY) 9.4 The size of a diffracting aperture The resolution of simple monochromatic two-source systems Doppler effect (HL ONLY) 9.5 The Doppler effect for sound waves and light waves Topic #10: Fields- 11 Hours for HL only Subtopic Subtopic Number IB Points to Understand Describing fields (HL ONLY) 10.1 Gravitational fields Electrostatic fields Electric potential and gravitational potential Field lines Equipotential surfaces Fields at work (HL ONLY) 10.2 Potential and potential energy Potential gradient Potential difference Escape speed Orbital motion, orbital speed and orbital energy Forces and inverse-square law behaviour Topic #11: Electromagnetic Induction- 16 Hours for HL Only Subtopic Subtopic Number IB Points to Understand Electromagnetic induction (HL ONLY) 11.1 Electromotive force (emf) Magnetic flux and magnetic flux linkage Faraday’s law of induction Lenz’s law Power generation and transmission (HL ONLY) 11.2 Alternating current (ac) generators Average power and root mean square (rms) values of current and voltage Transformers Diode bridges Half-wave and full-wave rectification Capacitance (HL ONLY) 11.3 Capacitance Dielectric materials Capacitors in series and parallel Resistor-capacitor (RC) series circuits Time constant Topic #12: Quantum and Nuclear Physics- 16 Hours for HL Only Subtopic Subtopic Number IB Points to Understand The interaction of matter with radiation (HL ONLY) 12.1 Photons The photoelectric effect Matter waves Pair production and pair annihilation Quantization of angular momentum in the Bohr model for hydrogen The wave function The uncertainty principle for energy and time and position and momentum Tunnelling, potential barrier and factors affecting tunnelling probability Nuclear physics (HL ONLY) 12.2 Rutherford scattering and nuclear radius Nuclear energy levels The neutrino The law of radioactive decay and the decay constant Options As a part of the IB Physics course, you cover additional subjects of your choosing from the list below (typically you don’t choose, but rather your teacher does). Whichever option(s) you or your teacher chooses you will cover 3 or 4 topics (15 hours total) for SL and an additional 2 or 3 topics (25 hours total) for HL. Option A: Relativity- 15 Hours for SL and HL Subtopic Subtopic Number IB Points to Understand The beginnings of relativity A.1 Reference frames Galilean relativity and Newton’s postulates concerning time and space Maxwell and the constancy of the speed of light Forces on a charge or current Lorentz transformations A.2 The two postulates of special relativity Clock synchronization The Lorentz transformations Velocity addition Invariant quantities (spacetime interval, proper time, proper length and rest mass) Time dilation Length contraction The muon decay experiment Spacetime diagrams A.3 Spacetime diagrams Worldlines The twin paradox Additional HL Relativity Topics- 10 More Hours for HL Subtopic Subtopic Number IB Points to Understand Relativistic mechanics (HL ONLY) A.4 Total energy and rest energy Relativistic momentum Particle acceleration Electric charge as an invariant quantity Photons MeV c^–2 as the unit of mass and MeV c^–1 as the unit of momentum General Relativity (HL ONLY) A.5 The equivalence principle The bending of light Gravitational redshift and the Pound–Rebka–Snider experiment Schwarzschild black holes Event horizons Time dilation near a black hole Applications of general relativity to the universe as a whole Option B: Engineering Physics- 15 Hours for SL and HL Subtopic Subtopic Number IB Points to Understand Rigid bodies and rotational dynamics B.1 Torque Moment of inertia Rotational and translational equilibrium Angular acceleration Equations of rotational motion for uniform angular acceleration Newton’s second law applied to angular motion Conservation of angular momentum Thermodynamics B.2 The first law of thermodynamics The second law of thermodynamics Entropy Cyclic processes and pV diagrams Isovolumetric, isobaric, isothermal and adiabatic processes Carnot cycle Thermal efficiency Additional HL Engineering Physics Topics- 10 More Hours for HL Subtopic Subtopic Number IB Points to Understand Fluids and fluid dynamics (HL ONLY) B.3 Density and pressure Buoyancy and Archimedes’ principle Pascal’s principle Hydrostatic equilibrium The ideal fluid Streamlines The continuity equation The Bernoulli equation and the Bernoulli effect Stokes’ law and viscosity Laminar and turbulent flow and the Reynolds number Forced vibrations and resonance (HL ONLY) B.4 Natural frequency of vibration Q factor and damping Periodic stimulus and the driving frequency Resonance Option C: Imaging- 15 Hours for SL and HL Subtopic Subtopic Number IB Points to Understand Introduction to imaging C.1 Thin lenses Converging and diverging lenses Converging and diverging mirrors Ray diagrams Real and virtual images Linear and angular magnification Spherical and chromatic aberrations Imaging instrumentation C.2 Optical compound microscopes Simple optical astronomical refracting telescopes Simple optical astronomical reflecting telescopes Single-dish radio telescopes Radio interferometry telescopes Satellite-borne telescopes Fibre optics C.3 Structure of optic fibres Step-index fibres and graded-index fibres Total internal reflection and critical angle Waveguide and material dispersion in optic fibres Attenuation and the decibel (dB) scale Additional HL Imaging Topics- 10 More Hours for HL Subtopic Subtopic Number IB Points to Understand Medical imaging (HL ONLY) C.4 Detection and recording of X-ray images in medical contexts Generation and detection of ultrasound in medical contexts Medical imaging techniques (magnetic resonance imaging) involving nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) Option D: Astrophysics- 15 Hours for SL and HL Subtopic Subtopic Number IB Points to Understand Stellar quantities D.1 Objects in the universe The nature of stars Astronomical distances Stellar parallax and its limitations Luminosity and apparent brightness Stellar characteristics and stellar evolution D.2 Stellar spectra Hertzsprung–Russell (HR) diagram Mass–luminosity relation for main sequence stars Cepheid variables Stellar evolution on HR diagrams Red giants, white dwarfs, neutron stars and black holes Chandrasekhar and Oppenheimer–Volkoff limits Cosmology D.3 The Big Bang model Cosmic microwave background (CMB) radiation Hubble’s law The accelerating universe and redshift (z) The cosmic scale factor (R) Additional HL Astrophysics Topics- 10 More Hours for HL Subtopic Subtopic Number IB Points to Understand Stellar processes (HL ONLY) D.4 The Jeans criterion Nuclear fusion Nucleosynthesis off the main sequence Type Ia and II supernovae Further cosmology (HL ONLY) D.5 The cosmological principle Rotation curves and the mass of galaxies Dark matter Fluctuations in the CMB The cosmological origin of redshift Critical density Dark energy Practical Scheme of Work You also need to complete experiments and experimental reports as a part of any IB Science course. For SL, there is 40 hours of material. For HL, there is 60 hours of material. Here are the activities: Practical activities- 20 hours for SL and 40 hours for HL Lab work in class counts towards these hours Individual investigation (internal assessment-IA)- 10 hours for SL and HL A lab project along with a report that counts as 20% of your IB exam scores (written exam counts for the other 80%) Group 4 Project- 10 hours for SL and HL Students are separated into groups and must conduct an experiment and write a report. What’s Next? Want to brush up on some physics topics? Get your physics fix (phyx?) with our articles on the specific heat of water, acceleration and how to calculate it, and the law of conservation of mass. Hoping to squeeze in some extra IB classes? Learn about the IB courses offered online. Preparing to take the SAT? Check out our complete guide to the SAT. Taking the SAT in the next month? Check out our guide to cramming. Not sure where you want to go to college? Check out our guide to finding your target school. Want to improve your SAT score by 160 points or your ACT score by 4 points? We've written a guide for each test about the top 5 strategies you must be using to have a shot at improving your score. Download it for free now:

Gentlemen, Choose Your Weapons

Gentlemen, Choose Your Weapons Gentlemen, Choose Your Weapons Gentlemen, Choose Your Weapons By Hugh Ashton Writing tools can affect your style. In the days of quill and dip pens, the length of sentences (or at least, phrases) was apparently determined by the amount of ink held by the pen, and prose rhythm was dictated by this simple physical constraint. Fountain pens extended the scope of the writer. No longer did (s)he have to pause in the composition of the sentence, reach over to the inkwell and use those few seconds to determine what to write next. Sentences could flow for ever, like those of Henry James. But even with a fountain pen, revisions don’t come easily. In Lamb House, Rye, where James lived for many years, some galley proofs of his works are on display, covered with major handwritten amendments. Whole paragraphs deleted and added, sentences turned on their heads, etc. No publisher today, even with modern technology, would accept such major revisions to a book at galley stage. It would appear, though, that typesetting really does crystallize a writer’s thoughts, and give a firm foundation for the next stage in the writing process. Of course, many authors used typewriters when they became available. Mark Twain, a neophile and early adopter, wrote: The machine has several virtues. I believe it will print faster than I can write. One may lean back in his chair work it. It piles an awful stack of words on one page. It don’t muss things or scatter ink blots around. Of course it saves paper. And as someone who grew up doing a lot of writing (books, articles, etc.) on a typewriter (manual Olivetti portable, and later an electric Facit golfball), I have to agree with Samuel Clemens. Mind you, corrections were tricky. I used a lot of correction fluid and paper, and rewriting a whole sentence often meant starting again from scratch on a new page. The sheer drudgery and physical labor involved in hitting typewriter keys (less with electric than a manual, of course) meant you had to think carefully about what you wrote. Planning a whole page in advance (or at least a paragraph) wasn’t uncommon. Certainly you tended to write a sentence before putting it down on paper, because it was too much trouble to recast it once it had been typed. Of course, all this refers to the first draft. Creating a second draft was often a question of starting again from scratch, or a literal â€Å"cut and paste† job. Another way of writing books was (still is for some) dictation to a shorthand secretary or a dictation machine. Dictation can produce long flowing streams of consciousness, poor style, and very clumsy or sloppy plotting in the worst cases, not to mention novels that are parodies of the author’s own style. But then came word-processors. But that’s for another week. In the meantime, your exercise for the week is to look at some older pieces of writing, and see if you can reconstruct how the authors got the words out of their heads onto paper. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Writing Basics category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:100 Beautiful and Ugly Words50 Latin Phrases You Should KnowThe Uses of â€Å"The†

Givenchy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Givenchy - Essay Example Explain 6 pictures, use 4 books and 4 websites as references/sources. I. Introduction (250 words) Hubert de Givenchy was a designer in the mid-20th century who began the famous House of Givenchy. Givenchy was the driving force behind a majority of the wardrobe of Audrey Hepburn, an actress who became a major film star with the blockbuster movie Breakfast at Tiffany’s. â€Å"Hubert†¦[was] a brilliant young designer (twenty-six to Audrey [Hepburn’s] twenty-four)[,] who had worked under de Segonzac at Schiaparelli before leaving in December of 1951†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Wasson, 2010, pp. 38). He got his start in designing clothes that were elegant and fashionable—yet practical for the modern woman of his day. Some years later, Riccardo Tisci would take over his fashion empire in 2005, bringing to the House of Givenchy a drastically different style and taking the company in a new artistic direction. Known for his bold use of dark colors—especially black— Tisci took his knowledge of Givenchy’s style and put his own unique spin on that staple of the fashion industry. Here three samples from Givenchy’s work himself—as well as Tisci’s work—will be examined. It was attempted to match sample garments that, at least indirectly, resembled each other. These pieces will be analyzed in detail. The first piece is a plain black dress; the second piece is an overcoat; and the third piece is a coat. Each piece will be compared and contrasted and thoroughly analyzed in order to see what drove and drives each of these artists (Hubert and Riccardo) respectively. Finally, conclusions will be made regarding both of the artists. II. How the Socio-Cultural Environment Led to Different Artistic Interpretations (250 words) Courtesy: Rosenwald, 2011, pp. 1. In this first piece we see by Givenchy, this is a scene with Audrey Hepburn in an orange pea coat. It reminds one of the pea coats that were typical in the 1950s and 19 60s, similar to something that Jackie O might have warn. Jackie Kennedy, by the way, was also another popular devotee of Givenchy, having had many—if not a majority—of her wardrobes designed by him. Obviously, the length of this coat, and the bright color, catches one’s eye and draws one into the wearer’s visual field. Notice the high neckline, the fuzziness of the pea coat softening the appearance of Hepburn’s face. With a stunning hat, Givenchy accentuates Hepburn’s sophisticated look. Courtesy: â€Å"Paris, Feb. 28th, 2007,† 2007, pp. 1. Riccardo Tisci, as the 21st-century lead designer at House of Givenchy, came out with the Japanese mariner-style coat, pictured above, for the 2007 fashion line. Obviously not a pea coat, this style takes a page from a different culture’s playbook of an era and co-opts it in order to make a fashion statement. The industrial look is now ‘in.’ Tisci has this model dressed entirely head-to-toe in black. Strikingly sleek and visually interesting, this jacket has a short, clean cut with a lapel. The neckline is not raised at all, and this jacket is rather form-fitting instead of Givenchy’s more bulky pea coat. This highlights the 21st-century necessity for streamlined lines and utilitarianism. Any kind of frivolous use of space in the design is now wasteless, whereas it used to be fun to have features on a garment piece that were not necessarily utility features. Now, everyone is

Interview with policy marker Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Interview with policy marker - Essay Example Such patients have to be making about 1800/year, and be diagnosed with mental disability. Income is all the same the major factor as they have to be making 1800/year According to the Healthy People 2020 report, one of the main aims is to reduce the homeless people. How does your facility do to ensure the same? The homeless patients are kept in boarding homes, or in other shelters How do the boarding homes, halfway homes, or shelters help in maintaining the individuals’ stability? Patients in these homes have access to continued care, they are seen by a psychiatrist on weekly basis who are paid by the government. This is in accordance with objectives the Healthy People 2020 program that aims at increasing medical practitioners contact with patients. According to you, what is the main drawback preventing your clients from receiving care? And what role should the government play in increasing the care given to your clients, as outlined under the Access to health services Objectiv e in the Healthy People 2020 project? Sometimes it gets frustrating to give essential care and shelter to a patient with no insurance cover. Funding becomes the biggest drawback; this patient population is mostly ignored due to mental illness. Therefore, shelters have serious limitations in receiving and caring for fixed number of patients according to availability of funds in issues related to behavioral health. In an epidemiology study carried out by Pratt (2012), data from a 2007 National Health Interview survey of 23, 393 adults indicated that 35% of adults with a history of mental illness had a history of homelessness. Do you believe this is a reality? And what can be done to reduce this problem? The future of the homeless depends on the ability of the government to offer more funding. The homes carry out a census of the homeless at the beginning of each year, aimed at determining funds required to assist each of the homeless. The problem is that the shelters are greatly underf unded, which is major challenge. One of the legal implications in accessing health care services is the requirement that Insurance coverage is the principal means of measuring whether one gets adequate access to healthcare among the general population, limiting the chances of the above mentally ill patients, who are usually unemployed to obtain such important services (Healthy People 2020). 2. Policy Maker Question Asked Response obtained Eno- Obong E. Senior case manager with VA community based care These questions focused on the objectives of Healthy People 2010 to improve access to community based education programs in aiding to reduce hospitalization and management of chronic diseases. 1. 1 Health is more influences away from the facility where most of the population spends most of their time. As a case manager working for the patients in the community is this statement true? I concur with this statement from my experience in the field. Before, we recorded much higher emergency visits even after implementing the home health nurse program. However, with no education on how to manage chronic diseases and access to community resources, patients still continued to be sick. The facility therefore helped in exacerbation on the long term health needs of patients accessing such community health based resources. What is the most critical service that you give to the community to reduce emergency visits, and ensuring increasing access to

The dramatic events and language of Romeo and Juliet Essay Example for Free

The dramatic events and language of Romeo and Juliet Essay Love and hate both occur many times during the course of the play, love and hate could be addressed as the two main focuses from the play. The play, Romeo and Juliet, is a tragedy but it still could be said that love triumphs over hate by the end of the play. The final scene of the play ends with Romeo killing himself when he finds out Juliet is dead and Juliet waking from sleep and finding Romeo dead. The two families, Montagues and Capulets, then put an end to their long reigning feud. This is when it could be said that love conquers hate, however this could also be viewed as a hollow victory, this describes that although the feud has been put to an end many lives have been lost in the process, including: Romeo, Juliet, Mercutio, Tybalt and Paris. When Juliet and Paris are found dead that is when the first signs of caring between the two feuding families start to emerge, unfortunately for the two families and the whole of Verona they realise that the feud was pointless after so many lives have been lost and even their own children having died. Between the Montagues and Capulets an ancient grudge exists, the prologue from the play tells us a summary of the events that happen within the play a pair of star-crossed lovers take their life, how long the play is is now the two hours traffic of our stage. The prologue also tells us things like where the play is set In fair Verona and how long the play will be Is now the two hours traffic of our stage. The prologue and act 1 scene 1 tells us who the feud is between, the two rival families the Capulets and the Montagues, however between the prologue and act 1 scene 1 the play still fails to tell us why the two families hate each other. In act one scene one the fight between the two Capulet servants and the Montague servants is started even by the two sides seeing each other, this demonstrates how seriously the feud is taken between the two families, not only do the masters of the Capulets and Montagues fight between each other but the feud even extends to the servants of each family. Although the fight is implied that it will start when the servants of the two families see each other it in fact begins when the servants from each family insult each other Nay, as they dare. I will bite my thumb at them, which is disgrace to them if they bear it. The main individual characters within the play act differently towards the feud and how it is dealt with. Tybalt is known as the prince of cats for his swordsmanship, Tybalts lust for fighting and victory over the Montagues fuels the feud a great deal. As it is seen when Tybalt kills Mercutio, Romeo then takes his revenge on Tybalt by killing him, this again fuels the feud. Tybalts attitude is more warlike than many other characters, he tries to start fights rather than attempting to stop them, which is more like Benvolio attempts to do. Capulet is another character who alongside Tybalt, can be seen as trying to keep the feud going until the Capulet family wins. He usually is not involved within the actual fights but tries to show his youthfulness by appearing like he would like to fight alongside the rest of his family members. He doesnt appear to actively encourage the fighting in the feud like Tybalt does, however he does seem to enjoy the fighting that occurs from the feud right up until the end of the play, after Romeo and Juliet die. Montagues character is more neutral, he wants the Montague family to win the feud however he doesnt encourage the fighting, he seems to want a peace more than a war between each family although he would like to see this peace at the hands of a Montague victory. Benvolio is seen within the play as a peacemaker, early on during the play Benvolio attempts to stop a fight between the two war waging families, although he successfully does this later on he appears to not be as successful. The Prince acts as the main peacemaker of the play Will they not hear? What ho, you men, you beasts! That quench the fire of your pernicious rage with purple fountains issuing from your veins. Later on during the play the Prince becomes more forceful at attempting to stop the feud; firstly he threatens to end the life of those who disobey his command to stop the feud whilst secondly he banishes Romeo from Verona to Mantua. The Princes attitude towards the feud can therefore be summarised by saying that he is wholeheartedly against the fighting that the feud produces and the feud itself, we can assume this from the punishments he threatens, the punishments he gives and the way in which he speaks about his negative view on the feud.

The Corrruption Of Innocence :: essays research papers

The Corruption of Innocence   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  It has struck some leaving a lasting impact while others just let it go by. Some would see it as corruption, and others see everyday life. I see it as the pure loss of innocence in a world of corruption. This new issue has risen in today's generation leaving no one free of it wrath. This has not been the first we have seen of this. The loss of innocence has been referred to over years by many authors, but now we come to see it in our lives a lot more frequently. According to authors like Emerson and Salinger, who although wrote their pieces so far apart, feel everyday in life the American Character is faced upon with the corruption of innocence that takes away from their unique American Character.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In his book, The Catcher in the Rye, J.D. Salinger focuses on the theme of innocence for a large amount of time. Holden constantly refers to everyone as being a phony and that they had lost their innocence, which had been corrupted when they matured and were exposed to society. The society had exposed them to the real world and made them think in order to survive they must follow others. Holden goes in part of the book about jobs he likes and starts to describe job of a lawyer and says how they are sincere and try to save innocent lives, but then he goes on to think about how they are probably phonies and only doing it to be hot-shots and makes lots of money to impress society. (Salinger 172) The outcome of his thoughts was that everybody had conformed and followed each society's ideas, which upset Holden because no one was free of corruption accept the children of society, like Ally. Holden sees it as a major issue in the book and serves as a major role of Holden 's throughout the book. The issue even leads to the title of the book in the sense that it is named after his supposed job he wishes to under take as a Catcher in the Rye. He wants to be a catcher in a field of rye and little children who catches children from falling off the cliff and being corrupted by society. (Salinger 173) Therefore, in fact the theme of innocence has a significant role in this book.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Another author who also uses the role of innocence and corruption as a major theme is Ralph Waldo Emerson in his essay 'Self-Reliance';.

Ethical Healthcare Issues

Running Head: ETHICAL HEALTHCARE Ethical Healthcare Issues Paper Wanda Douglas Health Law and Ethics/HCS 545 October 17, 2011 Nancy Moody Ethical Healthcare Issues Paper In today’s health care industry providing quality patient care and avoiding harm are the foundations of ethical practices. However, many health care professionals are not meeting the guidelines or expectations of the American College of Healthcare Executives (ACHE) or obeying the organizations code of ethics policies, especially with the use of electronic medical records (EMR). Many patients fear that their personal health information (PHI) will be disclosed by hackers or unauthorized users. According to Carel (2010) â€Å"ethical concerns shroud the proposal in skepticism, most notably privacy. At the most fundamental level, issues arise about the sheer number of people who will have ready access to the health information of a vast patient population, as well as about unauthorized access via hacking. †Ã‚  This paper will apply the four principles of ethics to EMR system. EMR History Pickerton (2005), â€Å"In the 1960s, a physician named Lawrence L. Weed first described the concept of computerized or medical records. Weed described a system to automate and recognize patient medical records to enhance their utilization and thereby lead to improved patient care† (para 1). The advantages of EMR system includes shared information integrated information, improvement of quality care, and adaptation of regulatory changes. Even though EMR systems have many advantages, EMR systems also have some disadvantages too. Some disadvantages of EMR systems are security, and confidential, which can raise ethical issues. In order to help identify and vercome ethical issues with EMR systems, health care professionals can use the four principles of ethics to help identify where ethical issues are compromised. The four principles of ethics are autonomy, beneficence, nonmaleficence, and justice. Autonomy According to Mercuri (2010) â€Å"autonomy means allowing individuals make their own choices and develop their own lives in the context of a pa rticular society and in dialogue with that society; negatively, autonomy means that one human person, precisely as a human person, does not have authority and should not have power over another human person† (para 2). Autonomy has an effect with ethics concerning EMR systems because health care organizations should have an EMR system that should maintain respect for patient autonomy. Respect for patient autonomy should have health care organizations to make decisions concerning user access of the records. Access of Records Before a health care organization implements an EMR system, they should have a security system in place, which includes â€Å"access control† component. Access control within an EMR system is controlled by distinct user roles and access levels, the enforcement of strong login passwords, severe user verification/authorization and user inactivity locks. Health care of professionals regardless of their level, each have specific permissions for accessing data. Even though the organization have the right security system in place to prevent unauthorized users from access patient records, autonomous patients will expect to have access to his or her records with ease. Access their record will ensure that their information is correct and safe. Beneficence According to Kennedy (2004) â€Å"beneficence is acting to prevent evil or harm, to protect and defend the rights of others to do or promote good† (p. 501). Beneficence has an effect with ethics when it comes to EMR systems because health care professionals can help to improve the health of individual patients by using patient records to help with medical research. EMR systems contain an enormous amount of raw data, which can innovate public health and biomedical research. This research will not only do good to help the health of individual patients, but also to the health of society (Mercuri, 2010). As a result, as new EMR systems are designed, patients should be given the ability to release information from their EMRs to researchers and scientists. Nonmaleficence Not only does beneficence have an effect with ethics concerning EMR systems, but also nonmaleficence. According to Taber’s Cyclopedic Medical Dictionary â€Å"The principle of not doing something that causes harm. Hippocrates felt this was the underpinning of all medical practice. He advised his students,  primum non nocere  (â€Å"first, do no harm†)† (â€Å"Nonmaleficence,† 2010). Nonmaleficence has an effect with ethics concerning EMR systems because it is the employee’s responsibilities to report any negligence or fraud of patient medical records. However, if an employee doesn’t report negligence or fraud it will cause harm to the organization and to the patient. Reporting negligence will make the organization aware of the problem and help them find a solution. Employees can help prevent negligence or fraud notifying management when a problem is discovered. Employees can also help prevent negligence or fraud by making sure that their system access information is secure. In addition, employees can also help prevent negligence or fraud by making sure that they are creating accurate records. If the employees follow these policies of EMR security systems, they will ensure that the patient medical records are secure and safe from harm. Justice Not only does nonmaleficence have an effect with ethics when it comes to EMR systems, but also justice. According to Mercuri (2010) â€Å"justice is commonly defined as fairness. With respect to health care, justice refers to society’s duty to provide its members with access to an adequate level of health care that fulfills basic needs† (para 5). Justice has an effect with ethics concerning EMR systems because EMRs are most helpful when the system is easy to use, fully integrated, and easily searchable. EMR systems have the potential to assist health care organizations by providing higher quality care to the users and to the patients. In addition, EMR systems also assist health care organizations by having a system that is more unbiased through advanced effectiveness. Conclusion Even though there are still some ethical issues with EMR systems, health care professionals are moving in the right direction by being more aware. Health care professional want to do the right thing by following the organizations code of ethics, but sometimes they are not always clear on how they should handle certain EMR systems situations properly. In order for health care professionals to handle certain EMR systems situations properly, they can use the ACHE as a reference. Using ACHE as a reference ensures that they are meeting ACHE standards. Health care professionals can also apply the four principles of ethics to determine a resolution. Applying the four principles of ethics ensures that they are following the proper protocols and guidelines and leaves considerable room for judgment in certain cases. Reference Carel, D. (2010, October). The Ethics of Electronic Health Records. Yale Journal of Medicine Law, VII (1), 8-9. Kennedy, W. (2004). Beneficence and autonomy in nursing: a moral dilemma. British Journal of Perioperative Nursing, 14(11), 500-506. Retrieved from EBSCOhost. Mercuri, J. (2010). The Ethics of Electronic Health Record. Retrieved from http://www. clinical correlations. org/? p=2211 Nonmaleficence. 2010. Taber’s Cyclopedic Medical Dictionary, 21st ed, Retrieved from EBSCO host. Pickerton, K. (2005). His tory of Electronic Medical Records. Retrieved from http://ezinearticles . com/? History-Of-Electronic-Medical-Records&id=254240

Market Equilibration Process Paper

Market Equilibration Process ECO / 561 Market Equilibration Process Market Equilibrium occurs when the quantity supplied is equal to quantity demanded. The price equilibrium price exists when buyers and sellers price match and there is no governmental intervention (perfectly competitive market). After a market is in equilibrium, there is no trend for the market price to alter. For example, the law of demand states that as price goes up the quantity demand must go down and similarly, law of supply states price goes up quantity supply must go up (McConnel, Brue, & Flynn, 2009). Viewing the graph below we can find the equilibrium occur at the price of $3 where the quantity demanded equals the quantity supply at three units. The price is stable at $3 and at any other prices will have a |Price (P) |Quantity Demanded (Qd) |Quantity Supplied (Qs) | |$1 |5 |1 | |$2 |4 |2 | |$3 |3 |3 | |$4 |2 |4 | |$5 |1 |5 | Equilibrium occurs at P=$3 (Qs = Qd = 3 units) [pic] a tendency to change. At a dollor, for example, at $1 buyers are able to buy five units but seller are only willing to provide one unit to the market. In this situation, quanitity damand is greater than qualiity supply is referred to as a shortage and will result in an upward pressure in price. Since there is only one unit is available so buyers will complete to buy the one available unit by offering more money. Then price goes up and the qualitity demand decreases, quantity supply rises until equilibrium is reached (McConnel, Brue, & Flynn, 2009). pic] Disequilibrium Disequilibrium occurs when the price or quantity is not equal to Price or Quantity. If the prices are high, surplus is created and there will be inefficiency. Demand surplus is created when prices are below the equilibrium price. Since the prices are low, many buyers want the good while suppliers are not making enough of it. A shift in a demand or supply curve occurs when the good’s quantity demanded or supplied changes but the price remains the same. Short-run and Long-run Supervalu is going through a long-run, which is a period when a plant or company has a long period to adjust the quantities of all the resources that it employs. I currently work for Supervalu and its dissolving certain retail stores such as Acme Markets because it is not producing profits in a certain metropolitan markets. Acme Markets price was below the minimum average variable cost and to minimize its losses, Supervalu shut down the retail stores. New retail markets such as Save-a-Lot stores are increasing because it targets at low-medium level income families. Pure Competition Supervalu is part of the pure competition because its retail stores are offering standardized products. Supervalu retail stores are able to freely enter and exit the industry. In pure competition, marginal revenue and price are equal (McConnel, Brue, & Flynn, 2009). Reference McConnel, C. R. , Brue, S. L. , & Flynn, S. M. (2009). Economics: Principles, Problems, and Policies (18th ed. ). New York, NY: McGraw-Hill/Irwin.

How to Clear Your Mind - Unclog Your Brain - Relax

How to Clear Your Mind - Unclog Your Brain - Relax Sometimes we can get so caught up in the stress and worry of our personal lives that our minds become too jumbled to operate effectively. This is especially dangerous in a test-taking situation. After hours of reading and studying, our brains can lock up in a state of overload. In a stressful situation, it’s often necessary to clear your mind completely to allow your brain to refresh itself and recalibrate all of  its functions. But when you’re tense, clearing your mind isn’t so easy! Try this relaxation technique if you think your brain has seized up from information overload. 1. Set aside at least five minutes for quiet â€Å"clearing† time If youre at school, see if you can put your head down somewhere or find an empty room or quiet space.  If necessary, set a watch (or phone) alarm or ask a friend to tap you on the shoulder at a designated time. 2. Think of a time or place that puts you into a complete state of peace This place will be different for different people. Have you ever sat on the beach watching the waves come in and realized you’ve â€Å"zoned out† for awhile? This is the sort of experience you’re looking for. Other experiences that make us zone out could be: Sitting in the dark and staring at Christmas tree lights- remember how quiet and peaceful that feels?Lying in bed late at night listening to good musicLying on your back on a cool day watching clouds roll by 3. Cover your eyes and go to your â€Å"place† ​ If you are at school preparing for a test before class, you may simply rest your elbows on the desk and put your hands over your eyes. For some people, it may not be a good idea to put your head down. (You might fall asleep!) Use all your senses to make your experience as real as possible. If you are thinking of a Christmas tree, imagine the smell of the tree and the look of the layered shadows on the walls. Don’t let any thoughts creep into your head. As soon as you start to think about a test problem, clear away the thought and concentrate on your peaceful place. 4. Snap out of it! Remember, this is not nap time. The point here is to rejuvenate your brain. After five or ten minutes of clearing time, take a brisk walk or take a drink of water to re-energize your mind and body. Stay relaxed and resist the urge to think about the things that are stressing you out or clogging your brain. Don’t let your brain go back to freeze-out. Now go forward with your test or study session refreshed and ready!

The 11 Best GED Practice Tests to Help You Prepare

The 11 Best GED Practice Tests to Help You Prepare SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips Having your GED can open many doors for you, including getting a better job or being able to attend college, so you want to give yourself the best shot at getting a passing score. For most people, this means they’ll need to spend some serious time studying for the GED, and one of the best ways to prepare is to take GED practice tests. This guide contains all the best practice GED tests available, including official, free, and paid practice tests. We explain where to find them, how much they cost, what each test’s pros and cons are, and we also give general advice on what to look for in a GED practice test. What Makes a Good GED Practice Test? GED practice tests give you a feel for the test, help you learn what topics you’ll be tested on, and find out how much studying you need to do to pass. However, not all practice tests are high quality, and taking a poorly-designed GED practice test can actually end up lowering your score because you’ll study the wrong topics and possible neglect areas you should be studying. Additionally, because the GED was recently updated in 2019, outdated practice tests can also cause you to study the wrong information. The best practice GED tests are those that are closest to the actual GED in terms of length, format, difficulty, and the material they test. When you take a high-quality GED practice test, you’ll get a feel for how quickly you should answer questions to finish the section in time, which subjects you struggle with and need to practice, how the GED words questions, and how well you’re scoring on each section overall. You can then take this information and use it to develop a study plan that focuses on building up your weaknesses so you can pass each section of the GED. The GED consists of four sections, and you need to pass all four sections (though not all at the same time) to get your GED. The test is taken on the computer, and each section has a specific time length: Mathematics: 115 minutes Social Studies: 90 minutes Science: 90 minutes Reasoning Through Language Arts: 150 minutes (including a 10-minute break) In the rest of this article we go over different options you have for GED practice tests. As an overall plan, we recommend taking an official GED practice test for at least the sections you’re struggling the most on, purchasing a prep book to give yourself more high-quality practice tests, and supplementing with free GED practice tests to get more practice in any weak areas you still have remaining. Where to Find Official GED Practice Tests If you can afford to purchase official GED practice tests, we highly recommend that you do. Official practice tests are made by the same people who make the actual GED. This makes them the gold standard because you can be sure they will match the format, content, and difficulty of the actual GED. GED Ready sells official GED practice tests, and they cost $6 per subject. If you were to purchase a practice test for each of the four sections, that would cost you a total of $24.The practice tests are computer-based, and after you complete each section, you’ll receive your results and information on how likely you are to pass that section. These are high-quality practice questions that will give you a great feel for the real GED, but there are some drawbacks. First, each section is only half as long as it will be on the actual GED, which gives you less practice and doesn’t allow you to learn how well you’ll hold up during a longer test. Next, you can only take each practice test once. You can purchase multiple practice tests for each GED subject, but that can get expensive quickly, so you really need to make the most out of the one time you can take each practice test. You can also purchase official flashcards with practice questions on them. These aren’t quite as good a study tool as practice tests, especially if you only study a few at a time, because they don’t give you the same experience of taking a full-length test. However, they are a good resource if you want additional study practice (although they likely contain many of the same questions the practice tests do, so we don’t recommend purchasing both). There are thousands of flashcards for each GED subject, and it costs $15 for 30 days worth of access per subject. Where to Find the Best Paid GED Practice Tests After the official GED practice tests, these are the best resources to use because they are still a close match to the actual GED in terms of format and quality of the questions. The best paid GED practice tests come from prep books that can be purchased as a physical book or an ebook. Below are the three best GED prep books available. Kaplan GED Test Prep Plus Price: About $20 If you only want to pay for one set of GED practice tests, we recommend you purchase the Kaplan prep book. It’s not an official source, but Kaplan works with the official makers of the GED to create very realistic practice tests. These practice tests are second only to official prep materials in terms of quality. This GED prep book comes with two full-length practice tests (one in the book and one online), over 1,000 practice questions, and written and video lessons. Two practice tests isn’t a huge amount, and some resources offer more, but the materials that you get with this book are high quality, and it’s a good overall resource for people looking for the whole study package: lessons, practice questions, and complete exams. Test Prep Books: GED Preparation Price: About $18 For those looking for a GED practice test with more explanation on how to solve tricky questions, the GED Preparation book by Test Prep Books may be the choice for you. It only includes one full-length practice test, but it has in-depth explanations for all the questions, as well as explanations for all the topics you need to know for the exam. If you’re struggling to raise your score, you can use this book to learn the material you need, then take the test it includes to see how much you’ve improved (although you’ll likely need to take additional practice tests from other sources to get enough practice in). Princeton Review: 5 Practice Exams for the GED Price: About $15 Princeton Review offers a GED prep book which contains five practice exams and over 800 practice questions. This is great if you’re looking for a lot of GED practice, but they aren’t quite as good a resource as the official or Kaplan practice tests. Some of the practice tests are shorter than the actual GED tests, which can make it difficult to figure out if you’re answering questions quickly enough to finish the test in time. Others mentioned that these practice questions are harder than the actual GED, so they ended up studying topics they didn’t need to know. If you’re looking for a lot of practice, this book can be useful, but make sure you’re aware of its shortcomings. Where to Find the Best Free GED Practice Tests While there are some good free GED practice tests available, none of them are awesome, so we highly recommend paying for at least one practice test so you know what a high-quality practice GED looks like. Free GED practice tests range from good to pretty bad, so be careful which free resources you use. Many aren’t updated for the newest version of the exam, some don’t have the same format as the actual GED, and some don’t test the same topics or have the same level of difficulty as the GED. In this section, we go over all the best free GED practice tests that are available. Be aware that, for all free GED practice tests, none are as long as the actual GED, and many are quite a bit shorter, so you can’t use them to get practice taking a full-length practice test. Test Prep Toolkit This is one of the better free GED practice tests available. It’s updated for 2019, is fairly long (though not as long as the actual GED), and has in-depth answer explanations. There are about 25 questions per section, which isn’t as much practice as some of the sites that offer 100s of questions, but they’re a close match to what you’ll see on the GED. Union Test Prep This is a solid practice test with questions that are similar to what you’ll see on the GED. A drawback is that it has some formatting differences compared to the actual test, and you’ll see if you got the question right immediately after you answer it, instead of waiting until the end of the section like the real GED. Also, the test isn’t timed, so if you’re working to improve your timing, you’ll need to use additional GED practice tests. Test Guide These practice tests are significantly shorter than the actual GED, making them more like practice quizzes, but they are fully updated and are similar to actual GED questions. There are multiple tests for each section of the test, and the site also includes answer explanations and information about the format of the GED. GED Practice Questions Similar to the Test Guide resources, this site includes numerous short practice tests for each section of the GED. The practice tests are each significantly shorter than the actual GED so you can’t use this site to practice the GED’s format, but it’s another source of good practice questions. GED Practice Test 2019 Edition (App) This highly-rated Android app includes over 1,000 practice questions you can study with. The questions include in-depth answer explanations, and the app automatically stores all the questions you get wrong in a challenge bank so you can try them again. You can also set score goals and get notifications when you meet them. The major drawback of this app is that it doesn’t use the same format as the actual GED does, so it’s better for shorter study sessions compared to taking it as a full-length test. Mometrix Mometrix includes a practice test for each of the GED sections. The practice test is fairly short, about 15 questions in each section, but the questions are high-quality, so it makes a good resource if you need a bit of additional GED practice. Varsity Tutors Varsity Tutors has dozens of GED practice quizzes. Most of these quizzes are quite short, some just a few questions long, but they are broken into specific categories which can be useful if you’re looking to target your studying. For example, the GED Math practice tests are broken into categories such as linear algebra, finding slope, and circles. There are also longer GED diagnostic tests for the Math, Social Studies, and Language Arts sections. Summary: GED Practice Tests If you’re studying for the GED, you absolutely need to take practice tests to make sure you’re on track to pass each section of the exam. Practice tests are great because they give you a feel for the GED and let you know which areas you still need to improve in. The absolute best practice tests are official practice tests because you can be sure they’ll match the real GED, but there are also unofficial options (both paid and free) available). What's Next? What is a GED?Read our complete guide on GEDs for everything you need to know about this important exam. If you're hoping to attend college but are unsure howto begin the search process, check out this step by step guide for doing college research. Students who earn a GED may choose to attend community college for a year or two and then transfer to a four-year college. Read our complete guide to transferring colleges to learn more about this process.

Religion Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 1

Religion - Assignment Example The epic â€Å"Book of Gilgamesh† was used to influence other people to magnify the king’s power. In fact, the real king Gilgamesh was worshipped after his death because of this book’s influence ( the house of royalty.nu,2010). Historically, a kingdom’s influence (during such civilization) is based on its religion. An example of a similar civilization is that of Egypt where people perceive the Pharaoh as a god. Hence, respect is immense for the said leader. â€Å"Astrologys ancient beginnings are also traced to Mesopotamia at least as far back as 2001 BCE. These early records reveal a complex cosmology in which the Sun, the Moon and the planets represented gods who possessed the power to direct and intervene in the course of physical events† ( metareligion.com) In fact, many people read the horoscope in newspapers scouring for any prediction about their future. This influence was ushered by the coming of New Age religion. In conclusion, old civilizations like Mesopotamia has highly-influenced religious beliefs which has permeated even modern -day societies

Sustainability of Seventeen Event Company Essay - 1

Sustainability of Seventeen Event Company - Essay Example As a concept, Sustainability can be defined as the â€Å"the growing concern for the environment and natural resources, though...[it]...has also had increasing resonance in social and economic issues.† (Mowforth and Munt,2009, p18). Academic, political and economic circles have begun to seriously consider the implications of unrestricted economic growth on the already stretched resources of the earth. The agenda is motivated by the understanding that the planet may not be able to cope up with the demands of the growth unless drastic measures are taken to support the processes with more environmentally friendly practices and technology. The burden of change in this area falls largely to businesses and economic groups as they are the main consumers of many of the natural, human and financial capital resources available currently. While governments and lobbying groups can provide much-needed direction and policies to guide the businesses towards sustainable practices; inevitably it is the businesses themselves that must show awareness and concern regarding the issue and make changes from the ground level as they have a greater reach and influence than any single consumer possibly could have.   It is not surprising that societal expectations from both local and international stakeholder are now forcing businesses towards a higher level of accountability and transparency with regards to not just their financial performance but also their role as a social participant in economic, social and environmental development (Sherwood, 2007). While responses have varied, businesses, especially in the consumer-centric, western markets, have responded to these responsibilities with efforts to be operationally eco-efficient, and incorporate social responsibility into their overall operations.

Strategic Management Case Analysis section on how to prepare a Research Paper

Strategic Management Case Analysis section on how to prepare a strategic case analysis. (IP 4) - Research Paper Example It has been subject to serious design level issues wherein product recalls were traced back to the to the faults in design and manufacturing processes of Toyota. This suggests that its operational weaknesses may be on the rise during the recent past. Ford as a part of automobile industry is facing stiff social challenge of improving its image. There is a general perception within the general public that car automakers are thriving on tax payers’ money. Overall market demand is emerging from US market. Ford’s primary demographics is in North American market besides it serves EU market also. Its overall product range serve both high end and low end market. In order to overcome the weakness of low consumer demand, Ford can enter into small car manufacturing. It needs to improve its R&D efforts to produce more cost effective vehicles which can serve the mass market at the global market (Nilsson-Witell, Antoni, & Dahlgaard, 2005). It needs to increase its R&D budget and engage into further improving its fuel efficient cars. In order to overcome it dependence on two markets, Toyota need to establish its manufacturing and distribution facilities in other emerging markets specially in India and other growing markets where demand for low cost fuel efficient cars can be enormous. It can expand into these markets through effective quality management. (Taddese & Osada, 2011) It needs to enter into market development process in a way which can ensure its presence in optimal market locations across the whole globe. Nilsson-Witell, L., Antoni, M., & Dahlgaard, J. (2005). Continuous improvement in product development: Improvement programs and quality principles". International Journal of Quality & Reliability Management,, 22(8),

Differences Between Linear Block And Convolutional Codes Computer Science Essay

Differences Between Linear Block And Convolutional Codes Computer Science Essay Generally the coding theory is the detailed analysis of the properties of the codes and their suitable quality for the identified application. Codes are mainly used in cryptography, error correction , data compression and now a days it is also used for the network coding.this coding generally involves with the linear block codes, convolutional codes, turbo codes respectively. LINEAR BLOCK CODES: In coding theory, the linear block code generally referred as a error correcting code for which the obtained resultant codeword is the linear combination of any two codewords. In simple words, the linear block code possesss the linearity property that is the sum of any two codewords is also a codeword. These linear block codes are divided in to the block odes and convolutional codes, eventhough turbo codes is the combination of these two types. More efficient encoding and decodig algorithms are provided by the linear codes when compared with the other codes. (http:// en.wikipedia.org/wiki/linear codes). CONVOLUTIONAL CODES The main principle involved in the convolutional code is the weighted sum of the various input message symbols is the resultant codeword symbol. This resemblance the convolution used in the LTI systems where we find the output of a syatem by knowing the impulse response and the respective input. So hence the output of a convolutional encoder can be obtained by the convolution of the input bits with the states of the convolution encoder registers.(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/convolutional codes). TURBO CODES In 1993, turbo codes are developed which are the class of high performance forward error correction codes and they are also the first practical codes to come nearer to the chgannel capacity for the code rate at which reliable communication is still possible while a specific identified noise level is given. Berrou glavieux and thitimajshima introduced these turbo codes in 1993 in their paper named near Shannon limit error correcting and decoding : turbo codes. Once after the introduction of these parallel turbo codes many other types are discovered which mainly includes repeat accumulate codes, serial versions. Even the conventional FEC systems are also been applied by the iterative turbo decoding methods. (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/turbo ) 2. CORE OF THE PAPER 1. PRINCIPLES OF THE LINEAR BLOCK CODES A block code of length n and codewors is said to be a linear(n, k) code if and only if the k dimensional subspace of the vector space is formed by all the codewords of all the n- tuples over GF(2). A linear code of length n and rank K is the linear subspace C with dimension K of the vector space where is the finite field consisting of the q elements. Such tytpe of a code with parameter q is called a q ary code. The code is said to be as binary code or ternary code if and only if q =2 or q=3 respectively. Linear block codes are briefly described by their symbol alphabets (example: binary, ternary) and with parameters (n,m, ) where n is the codeword length in symbols. m is the total number of source symbols which are used for encoding. is the codes minimum hamming distance. Linear block codes are of many types they are: Cyclic codes Repetition codes Parity codes Polynomial codes Reed Solomon codes Algebraic geometric codes Reed muller codes Perfect codes. A. GENERATOR MATRIX AND PARITY CHECK MATRIX Since the linear codes could be considered as a linear subspace C of , so any codeword C can be represented as a linear combination of a set of basis vectors such that , C= ++.= mG Where G is the generator matrix and m is the message. B. THEORITICAL CONCEPTS: As linear subspace of , the span of the minimal set of codewords can be represented by the entire code word C. These obtained codewords are collected and combined in the rows of the matrix G known as generator matrix for the code C. Theoretically, it is the standard form of is given as G=(/A), where is the kk identity matrix and A is k(n-k) matrix. A check matrix is defined as the matrix which represents the linear function H: whose kernel is C. The generating matrix G in standard form, G=(/A), with C as a code then H=(/) is a check matrix for C. C .HAMMING CODES Hamming codes are the first codes developed for the purpose of the error correction. These are widely used in digital communication systems. For any positive integer r>=2, there exists a [-r-1,3] hamming code. Example: given the following generator matrix and parity check matrix, the linear block code is [7,4,3] hamming code. G= , D. HADAMARD CODE Hadamard codes is capable of correcting many errors and is a [, r,] linear code. Hadamard code has minimum distance and therefore can correct -1 errors. Example  : The linear block code with the following generator matrix is a [8,3,4]2 Hadamard code: E..MERITS: Linear codes are the very prominent calss of the error correcting codes. It generally includes the simple description, easy procedure for encoding, nice properties, conceptually easy decoding. If C is a linear code then the minimum distance d(c) is easy to compute. Linear codes possesss simple specifications. To specify the (n,k) linear code it is sufficient to list K linearly independent codewords where as for the non linear code words generally we have to represent with all the code words. The most important linear block codes are: Hamming codes, cyclic codes, reed Solomon codes, BCH codes, LDPC codes, turbo codes respectively. F. DEMERITS: The main drawback of the hamming code is that it has the fixed hamming distance and also it is very difficult to implement coders for large block. The detection of two error bits and ability to correct the single errored bit can be obtained from the fixed hamming distance.if we choose a code which generally allows the implementor to select the desired hamming distance will be useful or beneficial. Hammer coder practical largest possible allows for codewords of nearly 31bits only. G. APPLICATIONS (1) These linear block properties are used in many applications. Trellis shaping is generated by using the syndrome coset uniqueness property of linear block codes. (2) these are also used in sensor networks for distributed sourcecoding. (3)by using these codes phase shift can be easily corrected and detected and also multiple signals can be easily sent from onechannel. (4) some other applications include mobile phone systems which are used in CDMA. (references: William E.ryan and shu lin(2009) channel codes: classical and modern, Cambridge university press.,Thomas M. corer and joy A. Thomas(1991) elements of information theory john wiley and sons). 2.PRINCIPLES OF CONVOLUTIONAL CODES Convolutional codes comes under a category of error correction codes in which an n bit symbol consists of each m bit information symbol to be encoded where coderate is m/n (n>=m) and the transformation acts as a function of the last K information symbols, here the constraint lenghht of the code is denoted by K. A. .Convolutional encoder To encode data convolutinoally, we begin with K memory reegisters holding one input bit each. Until other value specified , the 0 is the initial value af all memory registers. The encoder includes n-modulo 2 adders( it can be put effort with single Boolean XOR gate ) and n generator polynomials- each adder has one of them. The left most register is feded with the an input bit m. By using those existing values in the remaining registers and the respective generatot polynomials the n bits are the encoder outputs. By bit shifting all register values to their right and have to wait for its next input input bit. The encoder continues output until all registers have returned to the zero state if there are no remaining input bits. The below figure shows the rate 1/3 of the encoder with k value (constraint length) of 3. And also the generator polynomials are =(1,1,1), =(0,1,1) and =(1,0,1) The calculation of the output bits are as follows n1 = m1 + m0 + m-1 n2 = m0 + m-1 n3 = m1 + m-1. Img.1. Rate 1/3 non-recursive, non-systematic convolutional encoder with constraint length 3. B. RECURSIVE AND NON RECURSIVE CODES The above figure shows the encoder where as the below one shows the recursive one respectively, Rate 1/2 recursive, systematic convolutional encoder with constraint length 4. It can be easily observed that the input which is encoded is included in the output sequence also. These codes are generally called as systematic. The another type of codes are generally called as non systematic codes. Generally the systematic codes are always recursive codes where as the non systematic codes are always non recursive codes. The name convolutional encoder came for it because it carry out a convolution of the input stream with the encoders impulse responses. = Where x is an input sequence, is an output sequence from output j and which is the impulse response of the output j. The discrete lineaqr time invariant system is also called as a convolutional encoder. The own transfer function itself describes the output of an encoder. The transfer function is connected by the impulse response through z transform. + (Z)= +, (Z)=1+. The second order transfer functions are: (z)= We Define m by Where for any rational functional, we define it as Where m is the maximum polynomial degrees of the . And the constraint length is defined as . C.TRELLIS DIAGRAM A convolutional encoder is also referred as finite state machine. An encoder with n binary cells produce states. Just imagine the encoder which is shown in figure 1 has 1 in left memory cell(m0) in right one. We will refer such a stete as 10. By considering input bit the encoder at the next turn can convert either to 11 state or 01 state or 01 state. from the below figure we get rhe idea of decoding if the received sequence doesnot suit this graph then it errors can be obtained and we should select closest correct sequence. All transitions which are possible are shown as below: The red line is the path of the trellis. The lines their indicate transitions where the dotted lines are 1 input and the proper lines rae 0 input. The path here represents an actual encoded sequence. One of the path is shown in red colour as an example. The figure provides an idea about the decoding. D.FREE DISTANCE AND THE ERROR DISTANCE The minimum distance between the different encoded sequences is called as the free distance. The number of errors that can be corrected by code is given as correcting capability. It is given as correcting capability. It is given as, F. DECODING CONVOLUTIONAL CODES Decoding the convolutional codes can be done by several algorithms . thye vviterbi algorithm is universally used for relatively small values of K as it is highly parallelizable and it also provides maximum likelihood performance. By using SIMD instruction set the viterbi decoders are easy to implement the software on cpu and also in VLSI hardware. Fano algorithm is the best one among the several sequential decoding algorithms through which the longer constraint lenght codes re more practically decoded. Unlike viterbi decoding sequential decoding is not have maximum probability but there will be the slight incresase in the complexity with their constraint lengfht. Giving the chance to us the long , short constraint Length codes. In early 1970s these codes are used in the pionner program in Jupiter and Saturn but made it shorter, these viterbi decoded codes, often connecyed with large reed Solomon error correction codes which generally steeps the complete bit error rate curve and it also produces the very low residual undetected error rates. These both sequential and viterbi decoding algorithm gives the hard decisions..The codeword which is most likely formed by the bits.by using the soft output viterbi algorithm an appropriate confidence measure can be added to each bit in use with the BCJR algorithm the maximum a posterior(MAP ) Soft decisions can be obtained. G. POPULAR CONVOLUTIONAL CODES The viterbi decoded convolutiona;l codes is used for the voyagev program which has a constraint length of K=7, and also rate=1/2. The more powerful codes are produced by the longer constraint lengths but the viterbi algorithm complexity increases exponentially with respect to the constraint lengths , controlling these more powerful codes to deep space machines where the extra performance increases decoder complexity. Cassine probe, mars path finder, mars exploration rover to Saturn use of K=15 AND RATE OF 1/6, 2DB Bbetter than the simplex k=7, code at a rate of 256* in decoding complexity iss performed by this code. H. MERITS To correct the errors in noisy channels these convolutional codes are frequently used. These convolutional codes perform well on very bad conditions also. These convolutional codes are generally used often in satellite communications, mobile telephony and also in voice band modems. Convolutional codes generally gives good results in lower noise environments. Convolutional codes are also used in the voice band modems( v.,32, v.17, v.34) and also in the GSM mobile phones. I. DEMERITS Even though the convolutional encoder has the simplest procedure, decoding of it is very complex task. Convolutional codes cannot provide more protection against noise. J. APPLICATIONS Convolutional codes are used in the number of the applications which aims to achieve reliable data transfer, including radio, mobile communications, digital video communications, satellite communications. By using hard decision code, these codes are implemented in concatenation( example: reed Solomon). These are more efficient. (references: tutorial on convolutional coding and decoding, the online text book: IT, inference and leaving algorithms by david J.C.Mackay). 3. PRINCIPLES OF TURBO CODES By using the block code with convolutional code and also withthe longer constraint length and large block length it is theortically possible to approach the Shannon limit. But this approach became impractical due to the processing power required to decode. By using the recursive coders and iterative soft decoders the turbo codes overcome this drawback. The main aim of the recursive coder is to make the convolutional codes with shorter constraint lengths which appears as a large constraint length of a block codes and iterative soft decoder efficiently improves the estimation of the obtained message. The below shown figure generally gives the encoder for implementation which describes a clasiical encoder which provides the general design of the turbo codes. The 3 bits of the subblock can be sended by using this encoder implementation. The m-bit block of payload data is in the first subblock. The n/2 parity bits for a well known permutation includes in the 3rd subblock which is once aga in computed with the RSC code. The total number of bits in the code are . Interleaver is a device which generally carry outb the permutation of the payload data. This turbo code encoder includes two RSC codes (identical) , , as shown in the figure. By using the concatenation scheme these are connected to each othere which is reffered as parallel concatenation. Here M acts as a memory register. The input bits are forced to appear in different sequences by the dealy line and interleaver. The input sequence appears at both outputs after completion of first iteration [, , ] because of the encoders systematic nature. = = DECODER The serial connection of two elementary decoders is said to be a decoder. Generally decoder only operates on the lower speed( ) , thus it is planned for the encoder and is for encoder. The produces delays and also hold a soft decision. Where as produces delay respectively. The error bursts which are coming from the output are scattered by the interleaver whicvh is installed between between the two decoders. Here DI refers to demultiplexing and insertion module here it acts as a switch, it generally redirects input bits to once and to at another. It feeds both , inputs with padding bits( zeroes) in off state. While considering a memory less AWGN channel and assumption is made that at the iteration, the decoder receives a pair of random variables. =(-1)+, =2(-1)+ . Here is a bit from output of encoder and , are independent noise components consists of same produces a soft decision ie; ) = and pass it to the . generally referred as logarithm of likelihood ratio. The posterior probability (APP) of bit data is defined as which shows the probability of explaining a received bit as i. But where as produces a hard decision which is a decoded bit. Viterbi algorithm is unappropiate to calculate APP, it is not used in a BCJR algorithm is used but where as for viterbi algorithm is an appropriate one. MERITS Up to now, we know so many practical error correction methods but turbo codes and low density parity check codes come very close to approach the Shannon limit , which is the theoretical limit of maximum transfer reate of information over a noisy channel. Turbo codes increases data rate with out increasing the transmitted power, or to transmit at a certain data rate they are used to decrease the amount of the power. It generally produces the best performance results pof the throughput and latency. DEMERITS Its main disadavantage is the complexity of the relative high decoding. It also has relatively high latency, which is not suitable for some applications. It is also not verymuch useful for the satellites why because the latency is produced by the transmission distance due to the limited speed of the light. These algorithms are complex in nature. APPLICATIONS 3G and 4G mobile telephony standards uses turbo codes widely. Examples: HSPA and LTE . Used in media FLO and QUALCOMM Turbo codes are also useful in NASA missions such as mars re connaissance orbiter which is another option to RS- viterbi codes. IEEE802.16 generally uses the block turbo coding and CTC(WIMAX) a wireless metropolitan standard. Turbo codes are used in the designs of the digital communication systems and also in detection, demodulation. Turbo codes in the field of the error correcting codes represents a significant development. The cable transmission, short distance communications or data storage are the future applications of the turbo codes. (references: Berrou, claude; glavieux, alian , punva, near Shannon limit error- correcting, Berrou, claude, the ten years old turbo codes are entering in to the service, france). 4. CRITICAL COMPARISION LINEAR BLOCK CODES AND CONVOLUTIONAL CODES: Convolutional codes have a regular, natural, trellis structure which are useful in the implementation of the viterbi algorithm. Where as the linear block codes have a natural but it has minimal trellis structure. In both convolutional codes and linear block codes, the estimation of viterbi algorithm can be done by number of trellis edge symbol per encoded bit. Generally convolutional codes does not provide more protection against noise than the linear block codes. Convolutional codes offers greater simplicity of implementation over a linear block codes in many cases. Convolutional codes may not have minimal trellis representation but where as the linear block codes has the minimal trellis structure. The main differences between the linear block codes and convolutional codes is that a system which is using the block codes will transmits the k data bits and then transmits the n-k reductant bits. Where as the system which uses the convolutionla codes produces n coded bits from k data bits and the codeword need not contain unaltered k data bits. The main difference between the convolutional encoder and the block encoder is that the block code related not only to the current , but also on the previous (u) number of fixed information blocks ,, That is given as, =++.. With out the memory a linear block code is merely a convolutional code. The theory of the linear block codes seems to be degenerate of the theory of the convolutional codes, the usual approach of the convolutional codes is to note the small and fixed values of n and k and also the varying values of . TURBO CODES V/S CONVOLUTIONAL CODES: There are some differences between the behaviour of turbo codes and the convolutional codes. As we know that the performance of the convolutional codes imcreases with the increasing constraint length( code complexity). This is not for the turbo codes where the best codes of the turbo codes have the small constraint lengths . With decreasing code rate the performance of the convolutional codes doesnot improve significantly. Where as for the turbo codes even for the lower coding rates it achieves a very significant coding gain. While seeing from the implementation point of view, soft output encoders and recursive decoders are essential in turbo code schemes, where as they are not that much essential in convolutional codes excluding the concatenated configuration. Criteria Convolutional codes turbo codes Larger constraint length good bad Lower coding rate indifferent good Larger free distance good indifferent Soft output decoders indiffernt good Recursive encoders Indifferent good Both the linear block codes and convolutional codes are most frequently used type codes in the practice of enginnering for the designing of the most useful codes. TURBO VS LINEAR BLOCK CODES: The turbo codes are the hybrid model of the both the linear block codes and the convolutional codes respectively. The linear block codes used in the turbo codes instead of the convolutional codes to form a turbo product code(TPC). Two hamming codes are concatenated serially with the absence of an interleaver in between them. They can perfoem well in low SNR and can be formed by any block code. The convolutional codes used in the turbo codes usually forms a parallel concatenated convolutional code(PCCC) which have the small constraint length. They are systematic. 5. SIMULATION RESULTS The simulation results of linear block codes are as follows : The dual adaptive importance sampling (DAIS) technique evaluates the word and bit error rates of linear block codes down to extreme low values. (reference: Slin and D. Costello, error correction coding : fundamentals and applications). T,he simulation of the convolutional codes are as follows: Simulations with two recursive , equal convolutional codes with an interleaver whose length is 400 and k=50, this generally provides manufacturer interoperability, because this technique achieves the improvements which is over 3.5 dB respectively over the trellis codification modulation. (reference:Concatened trellis/reed Solomon coding in DMT systems- Kschischarg). The simulation results of the turbo codes are as follows: At a rate of R=1/2 the simulation results of the turbo codes are obtained. Here length of the data block is 400 bits( assumption) and also a MAP decoder used in the simulation. From the results it is observed that for the first few iterations yield the most significant improvements in BER for any given value of . After that the results appear to converge on to a BER for each value of . ( reference: Andersen JD and zyablov vv, interleaver design for turbo coding). 6. CONCLUSION So, hence in this research paper we have discussed the principles, applications, merits and demerits of the linear block codes, convolutional codes, turbo codes respectively. We also discussed the main differences between the block codes, convolutional codes, turbo codes and presented their respective simulation results. Personally, by doing this research i learned a lot on this coding theory and also came to know the importance of these codes in the present world. The future applications of these codes are to provide the substantial improvements in communication for the satellites. 7. REFERNCES (1) code tables: bounds on the parameters of various types of the codes. (2) q- ary code generator program. (3) error correcting codes (ECC) page (4) Wikipedia articles in corporating text from the federal standarad convolutional codes with a 1037c. (5) turbo decoding as an instance of pearls belief propogation algorithm,. (6) IEEE journal on selected areas in communication- Robert J Mackay, David J.C. (7) Turbo equalisation : principles and new results an IEEE paper on communications.